New York v. New Jersey
The Facts
The Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor, created by an interstate compact ratified by Congress, regulated longshore labor at the port. In 2021, New Jersey enacted legislation purporting to withdraw from the compact unilaterally and abolish the Commission. New York filed an original action arguing unilateral withdrawal violated the Compact Clause.
The Application
The Court applied the interstate compact doctrine by examining the Waterfront Commission Compact's text and structure to determine whether unilateral withdrawal was authorized. The Court found that the compact's structure and limited law-enforcement purpose did not mandate perpetual membership or prohibit New Jersey from withdrawing unilaterally. Because the compact's terms did not foreclose withdrawal, New Jersey's 2021 legislation to exit the compact did not violate the Compact Clause or constitute an unlawful modification of binding federal law. Accordingly, the Court upheld New Jersey's right to dissolve the Commission without requiring New York's consent or additional Congressional approval.
The Conclusion
**Court ruled 8-1 for New Jersey.** The compact's structure and purpose permitted New Jersey to withdraw unilaterally. The Waterfront Commission was dissolved as of January 2023.
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Case Analysis
Overview
New York filed an original action against New Jersey seeking equitable apportionment of Waterway Harbor berths and challenging New Jersey's unilateral withdrawal from the Waterfront Commission Compact, a bistate agency created in 1953 to combat organized crime at the Port of New York and New Jersey.
Facts
The Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor, created by an interstate compact ratified by Congress, regulated longshore labor at the port. In 2021, New Jersey enacted legislation purporting to withdraw from the compact unilaterally and abolish the Commission. New York filed an original action arguing unilateral withdrawal violated the Compact Clause.
Issue
Whether New Jersey may unilaterally withdraw from the Waterfront Commission Compact and dissolve the bistate agency without New York's consent and without Congressional approval.
Rule
Interstate compacts approved by Congress are binding federal law; a state may not unilaterally withdraw from a compact unless the compact expressly permits withdrawal, and courts look to the compact's text and structure to determine whether unilateral exit is authorized.
Analysis
The Court applied the interstate compact doctrine by examining the Waterfront Commission Compact's text and structure to determine whether unilateral withdrawal was authorized. The Court found that the compact's structure and limited law-enforcement purpose did not mandate perpetual membership or prohibit New Jersey from withdrawing unilaterally. Because the compact's terms did not foreclose withdrawal, New Jersey's 2021 legislation to exit the compact did not violate the Compact Clause or constitute an unlawful modification of binding federal law. Accordingly, the Court upheld New Jersey's right to dissolve the Commission without requiring New York's consent or additional Congressional approval.
Conclusion
**Court ruled 8-1 for New Jersey.** The compact's structure and purpose permitted New Jersey to withdraw unilaterally. The Waterfront Commission was dissolved as of January 2023.
Notes
OT2022. Added via SCOTUS bulk import 2026-05-14
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